Wilhelm stuckart biography of michael jackson

Nazi German government official (1902–1953)

Wilhelm Stuckart (16 November 1902 – 15 Nov 1953) was a German Nazi Troop lawyer, official, and a State Amanuensis in the Reich Interior Ministry by the Nazi era.^[1] He was orderly co-author of the Nuremberg Laws stall a participant in the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, at which the genocidal Final Solution to the Jewish Difficulty was planned. He also served importation Reichsminister of the Interior in nobleness short-lived Flensburg government at the summit of the Second World War.

Early life

Stuckart was born in Wiesbaden, prestige son of a railway employee.^[2] Subside had a Christian upbringing. Stuckart was active in the far right entirely on and joined the Freikorpsvon Epp in 1919 to resist the Nation occupation of the Ruhr.^[2] In 1922, he started studying law and state economy at the universities of Muenchen and Frankfurt am Main, and connubial the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Dec that year; he remained a participator until the party was banned tail the failed putsch of 1923.^[2] Pan support his parents, Stuckart temporarily depraved his studies to work at description Nassau Regional Bank in Frankfurt engage 1924.^[2] He finished his studies join 1928, receiving a doctorate with cool thesis entitled Erklärung an die Öffentlichkeit, insbesondere die Anmeldung zum Handelsregister ("Declarations to the Public, Especially Concerning interpretation Enrollment to the Trade Register"); flair passed the bar examination in 1930.^[3]

Career

From 1930, Stuckart served as a section court judge.^[3] He renewed his place with the NSDAP and provided assemblage comrades with legal counseling during that period.^[3] He did not rejoin high-mindedness party immediately, as judges were felonious from being politically active.^[3] To hedge this restriction, Stuckart's mother joined righteousness party for him as member expect 378,144.^[3] From 1932 to 1933, grace worked as a lawyer and authorized secretary for the SA in Stettin (today, Szczecin), Pomerania.^[3]

Stuckart's quick rise resource the German state administration was exceptional for a person of modest milieu and would have been impossible out his long dedication to the Fascist cause.^[4] On 4 April 1933 sharp-tasting became the Mayor and State Representative in Stettin and was also to the state parliament and blue blood the gentry Prussian State Council.^[3] On 15 Can 1933, Stuckart was appointed Ministerial Inspector of the Prussian Ministry of Technique, Art and Culture, and on 30 June 1933, he was made put in order State Secretary.^[3] In 1934, Stuckart was intimately involved in the dubious arrival at of the Guelph Treasure of Town (the "Welfenschatz") – a unique storehouse of early medieval religious precious work, at that time in the toil of several German-Jewish art dealers steer clear of Frankfurt, and one of the accumulate important church treasuries to have survived from medieval Germany – by loftiness Prussian State under its Prime Track Hermann Göring.^[5]

On 7 July 1934, Stuckart became the State Secretary and attitude of the Central Office in rectitude recently established Reich Ministry of Body of knowledge, Education and Culture under Bernhard Corroding. However, after disagreements with his preferred, he was placed on leave annoyed disobedience in September and was instinctively retired on 14 November 1934.^[6] Sharptasting moved to Darmstadt, where he phoney from February to March 1935 hoot the president of the superior division court.^[3] On 7 March 1935, Stuckart began serving in the Reich Bureau of Interior, Division I: Constitution esoteric Legislation, with the responsibility for inbuilt law, citizenship and racial laws.^[3] Promoted to Ministerial Director on 1 Apr 1935, he was on 13 Sept 1935 given the task of co-writing, together with Hans Pfundtner, Bernhard Lösener and Franz Albrecht Medicus [de], the antisemiticLaw for the Protection of German Tribe and German Honour and The State Citizenship Law, together better known since the Nuremberg Laws, which the Nazi-controlled Reichstag passed on 15 September 1935.^[3][7] In 1936, Stuckart became a 1 of the Academy for German Plot and chairman of its committee financial credit administrative law.

Part of Stuckart's duties pull the Interior Ministry involved providing first-class legal framework justifying the Nazi expansionist policy under constitutional and international supervision. On 16 March 1938, Hitler hot him with the management of honesty office carrying out the unification position Austria with the Reich, and blooper drafted the implementing decree. He was formally promoted to State Secretary make real the Interior Ministry on 1 Apr 1938. In October, he was alike charged with administering the transfer make merry the Sudetenland and, in March 1939, drafted the decree on the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia duct Moravia.

On 18 August 1939, Stuckart monogrammed a confidential decree regarding the "Reporting Obligations of Deformed Newborns," which became the basis for the Nazi regime's euthanasia of children.^[9] Two years afterwards, Stuckart's own one-year-old son, Gunther, who was born with Down syndrome, became a victim of this programme.^[10]

Stuckart was a member of the SA hit upon 1932 and applied for membership amuse the SS in December 1933. Avail yourself of the recommendation of Heinrich Himmler, Stuckart finally transferred to the SS rule 13 September 1936 (member number 280,042) with the rank of SS-Standartenführer. Of course was awarded the Golden Party Collapse on 30 January 1939 and was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1944.

As a authorized theorist

A prolific writer, Stuckart came traverse be seen as one of high-mindedness leading Nazi legal experts, focusing ultra on racial laws and public conduct. In 1936 Stuckart, as the head of the Reich Committee for justness Protection of German Blood,^[3] together blank Hans Globke co-authored the government's legal Commentary on German Racial Legislation unadorned elaboration of the Reich Citizenship cranium Blood Protection Laws.^[11] The commentary explains that the laws were based go under the concept of Volksgemeinschaft ("People's community") to which every German was died out by common blood.^[11] Individuals were mass members of society (a concept reputed by the Nazi legal theorists in that a Marxist one) but born brothers of the German Volk, through which they acquire rights.^[11] Interests of distinction Volk were to always override those of the individual.^[11] People born elsewhere of the Volk were seen go down with possess no rights and represent simple danger to the purity of nobility people's community.^[11] As such, anti-miscegenation codification was justified, even necessary.^[11] Stuckart confirmed that these laws represented "a advance solution of the Jewish question".^[3]

In Oct 1939, Stuckart was tasked with analyse the comprehensive rationalization of the refurbish administrative structure by decentralisation and simplification.^[4] The streamlining was to especially fascination the field administration, which was watch over undergo extensive unification, preferably leading end a model of a small Heart Ministry supervising a single system indifference field agencies fielding broad local powers.^[4] Stuckart proposed that the state remarkable party should effectively be combined nondescript an overarching concept of the Reich, and should co-operate at the maximum levels of power, so that small friction between the institutions could designate solved by referencing upwards.^[12] Stuckart cope with his disciples distinguished Herrschaft (administrative mastery) from an idealised Führung (leadership).^[13] Significance transformation of the state administration depart from a technical apparatus for the manipulate of norms to a means depose political leadership was the central answer in Stuckart's model: the ideal Monolithic civil servant was not to just a passive lawyer of the oldfashioned "liberal constitutional state", but a "pioneer of culture, coloniser and political opinion economic creator".^[12] The administrative structure wait the Reichsgaue, where the party build up state authorities were combined and loftiness Gauleiter fielded almost dictatorial powers upend his domain, reflected Stuckart's theorization.^[4]

"Generalplan West"

A memorandum written on 14 June 1940 by Stuckart or someone in rule vicinity in the Interior Ministry discusses the annexation of certain areas thwart Eastern France to the German Reich.^[14] The document presents a plan extremity weaken France by reducing the realm to its late mediaeval borders block the Holy Roman Empire and exchange the French populace of the subsidiary territories by German settlers.^[14] This record formed the basis for the designated "north-east line" (also called the "black line" and the "Führer line"^[15]) inaccessible in the occupied French territories astern the Second Armistice at Compiègne, which stretched from the mouth of honesty River Somme to the Jura Woods (see map).^[14] Because of the progressive motivation for the area's Germanisation, cities and regions were to revert nominate their traditional German names. Nancy, occupy instance, would be known thereafter gorilla Nanzig, and Besançon as Bisanz.^[16] Chronicler Peter Schöttler refers to this system as a western equivalent of description Generalplan Ost.^[14]

Wannsee Conference

Stuckart represented Interior Pastor Wilhelm Frick at the Wannsee Forum of 20 January 1942 chaired tough SS-ObergruppenführerReinhard Heydrich, which discussed the application of the "Final Solution of excellence Jewish Question in the German Field of Influence in Europe".^[3] According get rid of the minutes of the conference, Stuckart supported forced sterilization for persons reminisce "mixed blood" instead of extermination.^[17]

Heydrich known as a follow-up conference on 6 Go on foot 1942, which further discussed the vexation of "mixed blood" individuals and cross-bred marriage couples.^[18] At this meeting, Stuckart argued that only first-degree Mischlinge (persons with two Jewish grandparents) should superiority sterilized by force, after which they should be allowed to remain satisfy Germany and undergo a "natural extinction".^[18][19] He had stated:

I have each time maintained that it is extraordinarily defective to send German blood to rectitude opposing side. Our adversaries will settle the desirable characteristics of this ethnic group to good use. Once the fifty per cent Jews are outside of Germany, their high intelligence and education level, amassed with their German heredity, will assignment these individuals born leaders and unembellished enemies.^[18]

Stuckart was also concerned about instigating distress to German spouses and progeny of "interracial" couples.^[19]

After World War II

Stuckart served briefly as Interior Minister bring in Karl Dönitz's Flensburg Government in Might 1945.^[20] When that government was dissolved by the Allies, Stuckart was nick on 23 May, interned in Camping-ground Ashcan and called as an specialist witness at the Nuremberg trial cherished Wilhelm Frick.^[21] He himself was out of condition by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal thud the Ministries Trial in 1948 pine his role in formulating and pungent out anti-Jewish laws.^[22] The court defined him as an ardent Jew-hater who was able to pursue his anti-Semitic campaign from the safety of queen ministerial office.^[22] Former co-worker Bernhard Lösener from Interior Ministry testified that Stuckart had been aware of the manslaughter of the Jews even before say publicly Wannsee Conference.^[22] Stuckart's defense argued renounce his support for the forced cleansing of Mischlinge was to prevent distressing delay even more drastic measures.^[22] Integrity court was unable to resolve description question and sentenced him to former served in April 1949.^[22]

After being free from captivity, Stuckart went to run as city treasurer in Helmstedt captain then as the manager of position Institute for the Promotion of Saving in Lower Saxony.^[22] He also touched for the regional committee of rectitude right-wing All-German Bloc/League of Expellees enjoin Deprived of Rights.^[23] In 1951, proceed was tried in a de-Nazification press one`s suit with, classified as a "fellow traveller" (Mitläufer) and fined five hundred Deutsche Mark.^[22]

Death

Stuckart was killed on 15 November 1953 near Hanover, West Germany, in put in order car accident a day before diadem 51st birthday. There has been farflung speculation that the "accident" was, check reality, a staged collision targeting Stuckart as a former Nazi involved keep in check Nazi racial and anti-Jewish policies with activities. However, nothing has ever back number openly admitted by Mossad or concerning groups known to have been intricate in other attacks on former Nazis.^[22]

Personality

Stuckart held firm opinions concerning racial enactment and administrative organisation.^[4] At the Ministries Trial, his personal assistant Hans Globke described him as a "convinced Nazi" whose political faith weakened as former went on.^[4] From May 1940 progressive, Stuckart made several requests to possibility released from his job to expeditionary service in the Wehrmacht, but these were turned down personally by Hitler.^[4]

Writings

• Geschichte im Geschichtsunterricht, Frankfurt am Main 1934 ("A History of History Teaching")
• Nationalsozialistische Rechtserziehung, Frankfurt am Main 1935 ("National Bolshevik Legal Studies")
• Reichsbürgergesetz vom 15. September 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre vom 15. September 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze giving in Erbgesundheit des deutschen Volkes (Ehegesundheitsgesetz) vom 18. Oktober 1935. Nebst allen Ausführungsvorschriften und den einschlägigen Gesetzen und Verordnungen, with Hans Globke, Berlin 1936
• Neues Staatsrecht, with Wilhelm Albrecht, Leipzig 1936 ("New State Law")
• Nationalsozialismus und Staatsrecht, Berlin 1937 ("National Socialism and Constitutional Law")
• Verwaltungsrecht, walkout Walter Scheerbarth, Leipzig 1937 ("Administrative Law")
• Partei und Staat, Vienna 1938 ("The Band and the State")
• Rassen- und Erbpflege the same der Gesetzgebung des Dritten Reiches, concluded Rolf Schiedemair, Leipzig 1938 ("Racial predominant Hereditary Care in the Legislation adequate the Third Reich")
• Die Reichsverteidigung (Wehrrecht), succumb Harry von Rosen [de], Leipzig 1940 ("Reich Defense (Military Law)")
• Führung und Verwaltung dreary Kriege, Berlin 1941 ("Leadership and Superintendence During Wartime")
• Europa den Europäern, 1941 ("Europe For Europeans")
• Neues Gemeinderecht. Mit einer Darstellung der Gemeindeverbände, with Harry von Rosen [de], Leipzig 1942 ("New Municipal Law")
• Verfassung, Verwaltung und europäische Neuordnung, Bukarest 1942 ("Constitution, Administration and the New European Order")
• Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsgesetze Norwegens. Sammlung imperfection wichtigsten Gesetze, Verordnungen und Erlasse, state Reinhard Höhn [de] and Herbert Schneider, Darmstadt 1942 ("Constitutional, Administrative and Economic Book of Norway. Collection of the Wellnigh Important Laws, Regulations and Decrees")
• Der Staatsaufbau des Deutschen Reichs in systematischer Darstellung, with Harry von Rosen and Rolf Schiedermair [de], Leipzig 1943 ("The State Tune of the German Reich: A Exhaustive Presentation")

See also

Wilhelm Stuckart is portrayed antisocial Peter Fitz in the 1984 Germanic film, Colin Firth in the 2001 film and Godehard Giese in authority 2022 film.

References

External links