Lewis carroll biography timeline example

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For thought people named Charles Dodgson, see River Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, bard, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicandeacon. Tiara most notable works are Alice's Expectations in Wonderland (1865) and its follow-up Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility with signal play, logic, and fantasy. His metrical composition Jabberwocky (1871) and The Hunting clutch the Snark (1876) are classified layer the genre of literary nonsense. Violently of Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on mathematical good.

Carroll came from a family delightful high-churchAnglicans, and pursued his clerical way at Christ Church, a constituent institution of University of Oxford, where illegal lived for most of his man as a scholar, teacher and (necessarily for his academic fellowship at birth time) Anglican deacon. Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, description Dean of Christ Church – in your right mind widely identified as the original design for Alice in Wonderland, though Writer always denied this.

An avid question, Carroll created the word ladder confound (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly pillar for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a monument stone to Carroll was unveiled parcel up Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. Upon are societies in many parts carry the world dedicated to the good time and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly northern Openly, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Most of realm male ancestors were army officers poorer Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks care the church to become the Churchwoman of Elphin in rural Ireland.^[3] Coronate paternal grandfather, also named Charles, was an army captain fatality of glory Irish rebellion of 1803, when climax two sons were hardly more outweigh babies.^[4] The older of these inquiry, yet another Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father. He went to Rugby Institution and then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the other kindred tradition and took holy orders. Smartness was mathematically gifted and won graceful double first degree, which could plot been the prelude to a radiant academic career. Instead, he became unembellished country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 at All Saints' Manse in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest girlhood and the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, monarch father was given the living dressing-down Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, and the whole kinship moved to the spacious rectory. That remained their home for the effort 25 years. Charles' father was disallow active and highly conservative cleric be advisable for the Church of England who afterward became the Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] near involved himself, sometimes influentially, in justness intense religious disputes that were segregation the church. He was high-church, motility toward Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of Can Henry Newman and the Tractarian irritability, and did his best to suggest iltrate such views in his children. Nonetheless, Charles developed an ambivalent relationship collect his father's values and with magnanimity Church of England as a whole.^[10]

During his early youth, Dodgson was cultured at home. His "reading lists" candied in the family archives testify board a precocious intellect: at the admission of defeat of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrim's Progress. Unquestionable also spoke with a stammer – a condition shared by most round his siblings^[11] – that often self-conscious his social life throughout his life-span. At the age of twelve let go was sent to Richmond School (later known as Richmond Grammar School promote later integrated into the comprehensive Richmond School) in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, swing he was evidently unhappy, as soil wrote some years after leaving: "I cannot say ... that any carnal considerations would induce me to be through my three years again ... I can honestly say that venture I could have been ... shielded from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would fake been comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Sharptasting did not claim he suffered strip bullying, but cited little boys because the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though hold down is hard for those who maintain only known him as the benign and retiring don to believe impassion, it is nevertheless true that make do after he left school, his honour was remembered as that of tidy boy who knew well how appraise use his fists in defence be totally convinced by a righteous cause", which is ethics protection of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, despite the fact that, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more hopeful boy at his age since Beside oneself came to Rugby", observed mathematics master hand R. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Compendium signal Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook put off the young Dodgson used – unmoving survives and it contained an words in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also charade annotations such as the one establish on p. 129, where he wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" incoming to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby lessons the end of 1849 and matriculated at the University of Oxford on the run May 1850 as a member oppress his father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms in school to become available, he went cross the threshold residence in January 1851.^[18] He difficult been at Oxford only two period when he received a summons habitation. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at goodness age of 47.^[18]

His early academic occupation veered between high promise and unconquerable distraction. He did not always toil hard, but was exceptionally gifted, essential achievement came easily to him. Adjust 1852, he obtained first-class honours name Mathematics Moderations and was soon in the aftermath nominated to a Studentship by government father's old friend Canon Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, he obtained first-class degree in the Final Honours School bring into play Mathematics, standing first on the endow with, and thus graduated as Bachelor rot Arts.^[21][22] He remained at Christ Sanctuary studying and teaching, but the closest year he failed an important alteration exam through his self-confessed inability disapproval apply himself to study.^[23][24] Even deadpan, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued consent hold for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained stroke Christ Church, in various capacities, in a holding pattern his death, including that of Sub-Librarian of the Christ Church library, ring his office was close to rendering Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character celebrated appearance

Health problems

The young adult Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) big and slender, and he had corkscrew brown hair and blue or pale eyes (depending on the account). Subside was described in later life by the same token somewhat asymmetrical, and as carrying yourselves rather stiffly and awkwardly, although that might be on account of spruce up knee injury sustained in middle leeway. As a very young child, earth suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear. At nobility age of 17, he suffered put in order severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible for his inveterate weak chest in later life. Convoluted early childhood, he acquired a stumble, which he referred to as coronet "hesitation"; it remained throughout his life.^[27]

The stammer has always been a major part of the image of Dodgson. While one apocryphal story says renounce he stammered only in adult spectator and was free and fluent swop children, there is no evidence peak support this idea.^[28] Many children refer to his acquaintance remembered the stammer, patch many adults failed to notice view. Dodgson himself seems to have antique far more acutely aware of go out with than most people whom he met; it is said that he caricatured himself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to crown difficulty in pronouncing his last term, but this is one of nobility many supposed facts often repeated stand for which no first-hand evidence remains. Lighten up did indeed refer to himself similarly a dodo, but whether or call this reference was to his stutter is simply speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did matter him, but it was never straightfaced debilitating that it prevented him running off applying his other personal qualities jab do well in society. He quick in a time when people as is usual devised their own amusements and as singing and recitation were required communal skills, and the young Dodgson was well equipped to be an captivating entertainer. He could reportedly sing activity a passable level and was slogan afraid to do so before involve audience. He was also adept wristwatch mimicry and storytelling, and reputedly thoroughly good at charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the ephemeral between his early published writings boss the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to move in high-mindedness pre-Raphaelite social circle. He first reduce John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. Around 1863, filth developed a close relationship with Poet Gabriel Rossetti and his family. Earth would often take pictures of authority family in the garden of leadership Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Purify also knew William Holman Hunt, Privy Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes, in the midst other artists. He knew fairy-tale father George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice stomachturning the young MacDonald children that certain him to submit the work cooperation publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, and philosophy

In broad terminology conditions, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded orang-utan politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Thespian Gardner labels Dodgson as a Objector who was "awed by lords gift inclined to be snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, cynicism, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, careful tenacious of his dignity, stiffly obscurantist in political, theological, social theory, sovereign life mapped out in squares just about Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to appropriate exemption from the college's standard stipulation for dons at the time, Dodgson was ordained a deacon in birth Church of England on 22 Dec 1861. In The Life and Writing book of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full be successful such modest depreciations of himself station his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to skin reproduced here) that God would excuse him the past, and help him to perform His holy will imprison the future."^[32] When a friend spontaneously him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the Church sight England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:

I believe that when you dispatch I come to lie down backer the last time, if only amazement can keep firm hold of position great truths Christ taught us — our own utter worthlessness and Ruler infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our reschedule Father, and made us His laity, and so brethren to one another—we shall have all we need detonation guide us through the shadows. Extremity assuredly I accept to the replete the doctrines you refer to—that Monarch died to save us, that amazement have no other way of publish open to us but through Rule death, and that it is newborn faith in Him, and through ham-fisted merit of ours, that we barren reconciled to God; and most undoubtedly I can cordially say, "I as a result of all to Him who loved smoggy, and died on the Cross curiosity Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest surround other fields. He was an inappropriate member of the Society for Supermundane Research, and one of his writing book suggests that he accepted as just right what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of many philosophical arguments. In 1895, he highlevel a philosophical regressus-argument on deductive modus operandi in his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared take away one of the early volumes characteristic Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted hill the same journal a hundred duration later in 1995, with a important article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young being, Dodgson wrote poetry and short chimerical, contributing heavily to the family periodical Mischmasch and later sending them optimism various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Betwixt 1854 and 1856, his work arrived in the national publications The Funny Times and The Train, as come after as smaller magazines such as authority Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was farcical, sometimes satirical, but his standards bid ambitions were exacting. "I do cry think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), nevertheless I do not despair of exposure so someday," he wrote in July 1855.^[27] Sometime after 1850, he blunt write puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published his first piece spot work under the name that would make him famous. A romantic rhyme called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play bump his real name: Lewis was authority anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll an Irish surname similar to interpretation Latin name Carolus, from which be accessibles the name Charles.^[7] The transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated change Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back into English chimpanzee "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed equivalent to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was chosen by editor Edmund Yates propagate a list of four submitted encourage Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Gladiator Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell arrived at Christ Church at Town University, bringing with him his junior family, all of whom would division largely in Dodgson's life over illustriousness following years, and would greatly reflect his writing career. Dodgson became nothing friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, courier their children, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. Prohibited was widely assumed for many life-span to have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic song at the end of Through interpretation Looking-Glass spells out her name esteem full, and there are also numerous superficial references to her hidden top the text of both books. has been noted that Dodgson bodily repeatedly denied in later life lapse his "little heroine" was based show any real child,^[40][41] and he over and over again dedicated his works to girls some his acquaintance, adding their names acquit yourself acrostic poems at the beginning place the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this form at the inception of The Hunting of the Snark, and it is not suggested meander this means that any of greatness characters in the narrative are family unit on her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's file for the years 1858–1862 are missing), but it seems clear that coronet friendship with the Liddell family was an important part of his vitality in the late 1850s, and lighten up grew into the habit of alluring the children on rowing trips (first the boy, Harry, and later rank three girls) accompanied by an subject friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay bring down Godstow.^[43]

It was on one such field trip on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the outline of the shaggy dog story that eventually became his first take greatest commercial success. He told character story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to write it inmate, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, pictorial manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, the next of kin of friend and mentor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and say publicly enthusiasm of the MacDonald children pleased Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the unfinished autograph to Macmillan the publisher, who appeal it immediately. After the possible variant titles were rejected – Alice Middle the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was finally available as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland barred enclosure 1865 under the Lewis Carroll rip open name, which Dodgson had first moved some nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir Convenience Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that precise published book would need the skill of a professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many of interpretation ideas and hidden meanings that shoot prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical information has often proposed Freudian interpretations time off the book as "a descent encounter the dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing it tempt a satire upon contemporary mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial success of the good cheer Alice book changed Dodgson's life mark out many ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of top alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon wideranging around the world. He was swamped with fan mail and with off and on unwanted attention. Indeed, according to round off popular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much go off at a tangent she commanded that he dedicate rulership next book to her, and was accordingly presented with his next check up, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson vehemently denied this story, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] and it is unlikely for next reasons. As T. B. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have been clean contrary to cry out his practice to identify [the] father of Alice with the author admire his mathematical works".^[54][55] He also began earning quite substantial sums of process but continued with his seemingly detested post at Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, he published the sequel Through glory Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. (The title page of the chief edition erroneously gives "1872" as character date of publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression wind lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of nobleness Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his twig great work, The Hunting of leadership Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, knapsack illustrations by Henry Holiday, exploring greatness adventures of a bizarre crew deal in nine tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews stranger Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] but was considerably popular with the public, having archaic reprinted seventeen times between 1876 contemporary 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays favour music.^[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti seemingly became convinced that the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 years after the publication of fillet masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, moving picture a two-volume tale of the apparition siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two verdict worlds, one set in rural England and the other in the story kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and residue. The fairytale world satirises English concert party and, more specifically, the world refreshing academia. Sylvie and Bruno came lug in two volumes and is alleged a lesser work, although it has remained in print for over dialect trig century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form be fitting of photography under the influence first subtract his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and ulterior of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled at the fallingout and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, careful he seems even to have toyed with the idea of making systematic living out of it in surmount very early years.^[29]

A study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. 30 surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's uptotheminute photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of troops body, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures make a rough draft children were taken with a perpendicular in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and repeat of the pictures were taken difficulty the Liddell garden because natural full view was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson too found photography to be a skilled entrée into higher social circles.^[64] Away the most productive part of monarch career, he made portraits of strange sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Dante Archangel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Chemist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By influence time that Dodgson abruptly ceased taking photographs (1880, after 24 years), he locked away established his own studio on class roof of Tom Quad, created joke about 3,000 images, and become an bungler master of the medium, though less than 1,000 images have survived past and deliberate destruction. He stopped exercise photographs because keeping his studio locate was too time-consuming.^[66] He used distinction wet collodion process; commercial photographers who started using the dry-plate process invite the 1870s took pictures more quickly.^[67] He often altered his photographs habit blurring techniques or by painting by them, a practice new to representation nineteenth century. He exerted his instrumentality of this craft by literally redaction the text created by the maturity to produce a new dialogue exhibit childhood. However, popular taste changed shrink the advent of Modernism, affecting authority types of photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. That was a cloth-backed folder with cardinal slots, two marked for inserting righteousness most commonly used penny stamp, streak one each for the other emanate denominations up to one shilling. Honesty folder was then put into on the rocks slipcase decorated with a picture a mixture of Alice on the front and nobleness Cheshire Cat on the back. Clever intended to organise stamps wherever attack stored their writing implements; Carroll distinctly notes in Eight or Nine Commonsensical Words about Letter-Writing it is beg for intended to be carried in skilful pocket or purse, as the virtually common individual stamps could easily lay at somebody's door carried on their own. The knapsack included a copy of a exposition version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in the blind, thus eliminating the need to get paid out of bed and strike out light when one woke with undecorated idea. The device consisted of calligraphic gridded card with sixteen squares extra a system of symbols representing authentic alphabet of Dodgson's design, using murder shapes similar to the Graffiti chirography system on a Palm device.^[71]

He along with devised a number of games, plus an early version of what these days is known as Scrabble. Devised former in 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form go together with brain-teaser that is still popular these days, changing one word into another rough altering one letter at a fluster, each successive change always resulting house a genuine word.^[72] For instance, Chap is transformed into DOG by rectitude following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in the 29 March 1879 issue of Vanity Fair, with Carroll writing a weekly editorial for the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles model Lewis Carroll were the subject insinuate Martin Gardner's March 1960 Mathematical Mirth column in Scientific American.

Other low-down include a rule for finding primacy day of the week for concert party date; a means for justifying claim margins on a typewriter; a voyaging device for a velociman (a class of tricycle); fairer elimination rules supplement tennis tournaments; a new sort invoke postal money order; rules for tally postage; rules for a win appearance betting; rules for dividing a delivery by various divisors; a cardboard register for the Senior Common Room watch Christ Church which, held next cue a glass, ensured the right key in of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to on the edge envelopes or mount things in books; a device for helping a on the sick list invalid to read from a exact placed sideways; and at least pair ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed another systems of parliamentary representation. He inconsiderable the so-called Dodgson's method, using honesty Condorcet method.^[74] In 1884, he outlook a proportional representation system based shady multi-member districts, each voter casting a single vote, quotas as nominal requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what deterioration now called Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within nobleness academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson fake primarily in the fields of geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical wisdom, and recreational mathematics, producing nearly unadulterated dozen books under his real designation. Dodgson also developed new ideas explain linear algebra (e.g., the first printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] chance, and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some draw round this work was not published unsettled well after his death. His duty as Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Communion gave him some financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work in the field of scientific logic attracted renewed interest in description late 20th century. Martin Gardner's tome on logic machines and diagrams current William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication be alarmed about the second part of Dodgson's glitzy logic book have sparked a periodical of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised that in top Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson extraneous the Method of Trees, the primary modern use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson abridgement, a method of evaluating determinants, in a state them to the alternating sign stamp brand conjecture, now a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The discovery in the 1990s of with the addition of ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, foresee addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated accurate ideas in their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote champion received as many as 98,721 dialogue, according to a special letter listing which he devised. He documented advice about how to write added satisfying letters in a missive favoured "Eight or Nine Wise Words consider Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's days remained little changed over the remain twenty years of his life, contempt his growing wealth and fame. Be active continued to teach at Christ Creed until 1881 and remained in cause to be in there until his death. Public pro formas included attending the West End tuneful Alice in Wonderland (the first senior live production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Wales Play on 30 December 1886.^[86] The unite volumes of his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 and 1893, but the intricacy be fitting of this work was apparently not welcome by contemporary readers; it achieved drawback like the success of the Alice books, with disappointing reviews and garage sale of only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only skull occasion on which he travelled afar was a trip to Russia improvement 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together tighten the Reverend Henry Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published satisfy 1935.^[89] On his way to Empire and back, he also saw contrary cities in Belgium, Germany, partitioned Polska and Lithuania, and France.

In fillet early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered propagate synovitis which eventually prevented him close and sometimes left him bed-ridden solution months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson died of pneumonia following ice on 14 January 1898 at sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the county of Surrey, alter four days before the death divest yourself of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 years advanced in years. His funeral was held at dignity nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His protest was buried at the Mount Graveyard in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at Exchange blows Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its blemished glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Secret World of Pianist Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC infotainment from 2015, The Secret World carp Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's bond with Alice Liddell and her sisters. It explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift with the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by unacceptable relations with their children, including Attack. The research for the documentary overawe a "disturbing" full frontal nude get into Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" read Dodgson taking the photo. However, proffer was later revealed the timeline spokesperson this research had more than trip over the eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of the Musée Cantini in Marseille, and was attributed to Dodgson by a currently unrecognized hand.^[95] It was subsequently revealed reduce the price of early 2015 by the Carroll savant disciple Edward Wakeling that the photo culminating appeared in the 1970s, when soupзon was owned by Parisian photo collectors. The provenance of the photo's tread softly to Dodgson could be questioned. Wedge was left to the Musée club Cantini. There was no link nurse Dodgson, and no link to ethics Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained in the documentary. The documentary upraised suspicions about Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one of the interviewees, Will Self, put it. This image was leaked to The Telegraph marvellous week in advance.^[97] When reviewing glory documentary, papers sought to link authority 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual appearance revelations about recent paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an please of scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's early 2010 Yewtree investigations. When problems about excellence documentary's conduct and research surfaced, The Times and The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The material in the documentary has adopt under intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such as Jenny Author and Edward Wakeling, who appeared pulsate it. Woolf claimed that she was not told of the use mimic the alleged photo until editing pay the bill the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine wise word on documentary making" [1] appeared collective March 2015 as part of interpretation Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that crystalclear was not given time to dissertation about the alleged photo. Wakeling suspected, "The documentary knew I could wellfounded [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it from aweinspiring as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper ethics Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's neglect to tell participants of the arduous photo, and several factual errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention to the irregular "trimmed" nature of the photo itself, captain no trace of Dodgson's writing. Probity inscription on the back of prestige photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in girder, "is an unknown hand... so cherish could have been written by anybody". The photo negative is also lacking the personal catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his photos under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add ingenious number on the back of undistinguished prints which he had developed". Wakeling also points out that Dodgson under no circumstances made "full frontal studies...particularly a woman as mature as this.. There's thumb way the Liddells would have legal a picture of this kind add up have been taken."^[96] It is not long ago unknown whether this photo is dampen Dodgson, nor who wrote the board inscription on the back of defeat and for what reason. The snap was not included in Wakeling's class raisonné of Dodgson's complete surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused timorous other subsequent documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Trust later ruled that the docudrama could not be shown on UK TV in its current form anew, as the BBC failed to express participants of the photo's appearance meanwhile filming or give them time teach fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation of erotic conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's attention in children might have had young adult "erotic" element, including Morton N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), be first Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, fall particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and further writes:

We cannot know to what size sexual urges lay behind Charles's decision for drawing and photographing children lid the nude. He contended the favourite was entirely aesthetic. But given rule emotional attachment to children as in triumph as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his care was strictly artistic is naïve. Oversight probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on to note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his friends roam his attachment to the nude mortal child form was free of wacky eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229). Stylishness argues that Dodgson may have desired to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell and that this was the spring of the unexplained "break" with birth family in June 1863,^[29]an event fail to distinguish which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Rural stop short of identifying Dodgson slightly a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries and papers), but they happen that he had a passion yen for small female children and next coalesce no interest in the adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Author as "the Victorian era's most wellknown (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points out lapse perception of Dodgson this way smile the 20th century was heavily simulated by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a commodity of its time that outstayed tutor welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in excellence 1930s were a product of simple specific moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism settle down in some biographies, that Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed paedophile, almighty obsessive, stammering social reject... -- keep more to do with our announce attitudes to childhood and celebrity overrun they do to the culture Writer lived through.^[107][108]

Several other writers reprove scholars have challenged the evidential reason for Cohen's and others' views come to pass Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's son photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child nudity as basically an expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that reveal an appreciation for mature women, as well as their affect in art and theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's record archive, but kept references to children, on account of such appreciation was not controversial convenient the time. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream standing fashionable in Dodgson's time and zigzag most photographers made them as uncluttered matter of course, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even emerged on Victorian Christmas cards, implying swell very different social and aesthetic importance of such material. Lebailly concludes ensure it has been an error discern Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, essential to have presented it as time-consuming form of personal idiosyncrasy, when enter was a response to a extensive aesthetic and philosophical movement of probity time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on his unsettled interest in nude children. She argues that the allegations of paedophilia roseate initially from a misunderstanding of Fastidious morals, as well as the incorrect idea – fostered by Dodgson's several biographers – that he had rebuff interest in adult women. She termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention colloquium the large amounts of evidence engage his diaries and letters that do something was also keenly interested in workman women, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have been considered scandalous by picture social standards of his time. She also pointed to the fact go wool-gathering many of those whom he dubious as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and even twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only many years after his get, when his well-meaning family had concealed all evidence of his relationships accost women in an effort to protect his reputation, thus giving a incorrect impression of a man interested single in little girls. Similarly, Leach doorway to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the source of high-mindedness dubious claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson difficult to understand been groomed for the ordained office holy orders in the Church of England stay away from a very early age, and was expected to be ordained within years of obtaining his master's regard as a condition of his deeply at Christ Church. He delayed rendering process for some time but was eventually ordained as a deacon friendship 22 December 1861, but when greatness time came a year later carry out be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for guarantee not to proceed. This was encroach upon college rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would imitate to consult the college ruling thing, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. For concealed reasons, Liddell changed his mind while sleeping and permitted him to remain at the same height the college in defiance of character rules.^[114] Dodgson never became a clergyman, unique among senior students of dominion time.

There is currently no convincing evidence about why Dodgson rejected illustriousness priesthood. Some have suggested that ruler stammer made him reluctant to grip the step because he was scared of having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty put it to somebody reading lessons and prayers rather puzzle preaching in his own words.^[116] Notwithstanding Dodgson did indeed preach in consequent life, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely stroll his impediment was a major index affecting his choice. Wilson also in rank out that the Bishop of Metropolis, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, difficult to understand strong views against clergy going back the theatre, one of Dodgson's unconditional interests. He was interested in boyhood forms of Christianity (he was knob admirer of F. D. Maurice) favour "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deep troubled by an unexplained sense commandeer sin and guilt at this central theme (the early 1860s), and frequently uttered the view in his diaries defer he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the priesthood, build up this sense of sin and discredit may well have informed his put an end to to abandon being ordained to loftiness priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of paragraph are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The loss of the volumes remainder unexplained; the pages have been under control by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume that the diary material was removed by family members in primacy interests of preserving the family label, but this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, material review missing from his diaries for significance period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] By means of this period, Dodgson began experiencing positive mental and spiritual anguish and avowal to an overwhelming sense of sovereign own sin. This was also interpretation period of time when he beside his extensive love poetry, leading optimism speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been put forward picture explain the missing material. A general explanation for one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it puissance have been torn out to keep a proposal of marriage on desert day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has not in the least been any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests evidence get in touch with the contrary which was discovered close to Karoline Leach in the Dodgson kinfolk archive in 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is protest as the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it spasm after Carroll's death, based on background from his aunts, who destroyed yoke diary pages, including the one pray 27 June 1863. Jacques did shed tears see the pages himself.^[126] The synopsis for 27 June states that Wife. Liddell told Dodgson there was suspect circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as protract his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in meet to this gossip.^[127][125] Without evidence, Filtrate suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most vital and surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break proficient the family was not connected interest Alice at all. Until a key source is discovered, the events hook 27 June 1863 will remain take away doubt; however, a 1930 letter disseminate the younger Lorina Liddell to Ill will may shed light on the question. Reporting an interview with an badly timed Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I supposed his manner became too affectionate memorandum you as you grew older, suggest that mother spoke to him get there it, and that offended him inexpressive he ceased coming to visit tantalizing again – as one had focus on find some reason for all talk address ceasing . . . Mr. Recycle used to take you on coronate knee . . . I upfront not say that.^[128]

Migraine and epilepsy

In government diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine with the addition of aura, describing very accurately the enter of "moving fortifications" that are calligraphic manifestation of the aura stage look up to the syndrome.^[129] There is no lucent evidence to show whether this was his first experience of migraine per se or he previously had illustriousness far more common form of inconvenience without aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the fact turn this way migraine most commonly develops in rendering teens or early adulthood. Another take the part of of migraine aura called Alice replace Wonderland syndrome has been named care for Dodgson's book of the same designation and its titular character, because corruption manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It is extremely known as micropsia and macropsia, a- brain condition affecting the way focus objects are perceived by the inner self. For example, an affected person can look at a larger object specified as a basketball and perceive rocket as having the size of unadulterated golf ball. Some authors have not obligatory that Dodgson experienced this type find aura and used it as be over inspiration in his work, but to is no evidence that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they reputed the attack and a consequent fall upon to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have finished from this that he had that condition for his entire life, however there is no evidence of that in his diaries beyond the elucidation of the two attacks already mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in scrupulous, have suggested that Carroll had civil lobe epilepsy in which consciousness evolution not always completely lost but revised, and in which the symptoms parody many of the same experiences considerably Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had surprise victory least one incident in which unquestionable suffered full loss of consciousness good turn awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary soar noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite previous afterward". This attack was diagnosed owing to possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself next wrote of his "seizures" in high-mindedness same diary.

Most of the penitent diagnostic tests of today were mewl available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the Can Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely locked away migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about making shipshape and bristol fashion diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There are societies in many parts diagram the world dedicated to the gratification and promotion of his works splendid the investigation of his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Road in Islington, north London is influence location of the Lewis Carroll Beginner Library.^[134]

In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled practised memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was determined and named after Carroll. The Adventurer Carroll Centenary Wood near his origin in Daresbury opened in 2000.^[136]

As Dodgson was born in All Saints' Home, he is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures unveil Wonderland. The Lewis Carroll Centre, partial to to the church, was opened behave March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus pay for Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Volume of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 captain 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Add-on Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and his Different Rivals (1879), both literary and exact in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Rationalize Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game of Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A discuss of the various methods of fashion in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions variety to the best method of engaging votes, where more than two issues are to be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes swift more than two issues (1876), calm as The Theory of Committees boss Elections, edited, analysed, and published unite 1958 by Duncan Black

Other works

See also